Mo Atomic Number



Chemical properties of molibdenum - Health effects of molybdenum - Environmental effects of molybdenum

Atomic number

42

Atomic mass

95.94 g.mol -1

Electronegativity according to Pauling

1.8

Density

10.2 g.cm-3 at 20°C

Melting point

2610 °C

Boiling point

4825 °C

Vanderwaals radius

0.139 nm

Ionic radius

0.068 nm (+4) ; 0.06 nm (+6)

Isotopes

11

Electronic shell

[ Kr ] 4d5 5s1

Energy of first ionisation

651 kJ.mol -1

Standard potential

- 0.2 V

Discovered by

Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1778

Molybdenum

The metal is silvery white, very hard transition metal, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. Scheele discovered it in 1778. It was often confused with graphite and lead ore. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points. Molybdenum has one of the highest melting points of all pure elements. Molybdenum is attacked slowly by acids.

Applications

Molybdenum is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. Molybdenum is used in alloys, electrodes and catalysts. The Second World War German artillery piece called 'Big Bertha' contains molybdenum as an essential component of its steel.

It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the 'Hastelloys(R)' which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and foreheaths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found applications as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition. Some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 psi(lb/in.2) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%.

Molybdenum powders are used in circuit inks for circuit boards, and in microwaves devices and heat sinks for solid-state devices.

Molybdenum in the environment

Molybdenum differs from the other micronutrients in soils in that it is less soluble in acid soils and more soluble in alkaline soils, the result being that its availability to plants is sensitive to pH and drainage conditions. Some plants can have up to 500 ppm of the metal when they grow on alkaline soils.

Molybdenite is the chief mineral ore, with wulfenite being less important. Some molybdenite is obtained as a by-product of tungsen and copper production. The main mining areas are the USA, Chile, Canada and Russia, with world production being around 90.000 tonnes per year, and reserves amounting to 12 million tonnes of which 5 million tonnes are in the USA.

Health effects of molybdenum

Based on animal experiments, molybdenum and its compounds are highly toxic. Some evidence of liver dysfunction with hyperbilirubinemia has been reported in workmen chronically exposed in a Soviet Mo-Cu plant. In addition, signs of gout have been found in factory workers and among inhabitants of Mo-rich areas of Armenia. The main features were joint pains in the knees, hands, feet, articular deformities, erythema, and edema of the joint areas


Environmental effects of molybdenum

Molybdenum is essential to all species. As with other trace metals, though, what is essential in tiny amounts can be highly toxic at larger doses. Animal experiment have shown that too much molybdenum causes fetal deformities. Fodder with more than 10 ppm of molybdenum would put most livestok at risk.


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Atomic Number For Mo

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Atomic Number of Molybdenum Molybdenum is a chemical element with atomic number 42 which means there are 42 protons and 42 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Molybdenum is Mo. Atomic Mass of Molybdenum. 100Orbital Energy vs. Atomic Number 1000 00 0 5 10 15 20 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Li Atomic Number The more negative the energy, the stronger is the electron held. (Energy drop upon bringing together an electron and a nucleus from ∞ separation) Ne This plot shows how the energy levels for the first 18 elements in the periodic table.

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Monatomic Ions Oxidation Number

Element Molybdenum - Mo

Mo element atomic number

Comprehensive data on the chemical element Molybdenum is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Molybdenum. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.

Molybdenum Menu

  • Molybdenum Page One
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Overview of Molybdenum

  • Atomic Number: 42
  • Group: 6
  • Period: 5
  • Series: Transition Metals

Molybdenum's Name in Other Languages

  • Latin: Molybdaenum
  • Czech: Molybden
  • Croatian: Molibden
  • French: Molybdéne
  • German: Molybdän - r
  • Italian: Molibdeno
  • Norwegian: Molybden
  • Portuguese: Molibdênio
  • Russian: Молибден
  • Spanish: Molibdeno
  • Swedish: Molybden

Atomic Structure of Molybdenum

  • Atomic Radius: 2.01Å
  • Atomic Volume: 9.4cm3/mol
  • Covalent Radius: 1.3Å
  • Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) σa/barns: 2.6
  • Crystal Structure: Cubic body centered
  • Electron Configuration:
    1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d10 4s2p6d5 5s1
  • Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,18,13,1
    Shell Model
  • Ionic Radius: 0.65Å
  • Filling Orbital: 4d5
  • Number of Electrons (with no charge): 42
  • Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 54
  • Number of Protons: 42
  • Oxidation States:6,5,4,3,2
  • Valence Electrons: 4d5 5s1
    Electron Dot Model

Chemical Properties of Molybdenum

What Is A Monatomic Number

  • Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.8949g/amp-hr
  • Electron Work Function: 4.6eV
  • Electronegativity: 2.16 (Pauling); 1.3 (Allrod Rochow)
  • Heat of Fusion: 32kJ/mol
  • Incompatibilities:
    Strong oxidizers
  • Ionization Potential
    • First: 7.099
    • Second: 16.461
    • Third: 27.16
  • Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 88.6

Mo Element Atomic Number

Physical Properties of Molybdenum

  • Atomic Mass Average: 95.94
  • Boiling Point: 4885K 4612°C 8334°F
  • Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 5.43E-6
  • Conductivity
    Electrical: 0.187 106/cm Ω
    Thermal: 1.38 W/cmK
  • Density: 10.22g/cc @ 300K
  • Description:
    Hard silvery-white transition metal.
  • Elastic Modulus:
    • Bulk: 261.2/GPa
    • Rigidity: 125.6/GPa
    • Youngs: 324.8/GPa
  • Enthalpy of Atomization: 653 kJ/mole @ 25°C
  • Enthalpy of Fusion: 27.61 kJ/mole
  • Enthalpy of Vaporization: 594.1 kJ/mole
  • Flammablity Class: Combusrible Solid in powder form
  • Freezing Point:see melting point
  • Hardness Scale
    • Brinell: 1500 MN m-2
    • Mohs: 5.5
    • Vickers: 1530 MN m-2
  • Heat of Vaporization: 598kJ/mol
  • Melting Point: 2890K 2617°C 4743°F
  • Molar Volume: 9.41 cm3/mole
  • Optical Reflectivity: 58%
  • Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
  • Specific Heat: 0.25J/gK
  • Vapor Pressure = 3.47Pa@2617°C

Regulatory / Health

  • CAS Number
    • 7439-98-7
  • RTECS: QA4680000
  • OSHAPermissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
    • TWA: 15 mg/m3
  • OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
    • TWA: 10 mg/m3
  • NIOSHRecommended Exposure Limit (REL)
    • IDLH: 5000 mg/m3
  • Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact
  • Target Organs: Eyes, respiratory system, liver, kidneys
  • Levels In Humans:
    Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
    • Blood/mg dm-3: 0.001
    • Bone/p.p.m: <0.7
    • Liver/p.p.m: 1.3-5.8
    • Muscle/p.p.m: 0.018
    • Daily Dietary Intake: 0.05-0.35 mg
    • Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 5 mg

Who / Where / When / How

  • Discoverer: Carl Wilhelm ScheeleP.J. Hjelm
  • Discovery Location: Uppsala Sweden
  • Discovery Year: 1781
  • Name Origin:
    Greek: molubdos (lead).
  • Abundance of Molybdenum:
    • Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 1.5
    • Seawater/p.p.m.: 0.01
    • Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
    • Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 145
  • Sources of Molybdenum:
    Found in the minerals molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (MoO4Pb) also produced as a by-product of copper production. Annual world wide production is around 80,000 tons. Primary mining areas are USA, Australia, Italy, Norway, Bolivia.
  • Uses of Molybdenum:
    Used in steel, aircraft, missiles, filaments in electric heaters, lubricants and protective coatings in boiler plates.
  • Additional Notes:

Molybdenum Menu

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Mo Atomic Number

References

A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.

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Monatomic Ion Has An Oxidation Number

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